A Hand Campimeter for the Confrontation Test.

THIS campimeter has been designed to provide a simple method of measuring the approximate extent of the field of vision as now required by the standard of visual deficiency set up by the Department of Health in Scotland (and recommended for adoption in England) in connection with the administration of the Blind Persons' Act (1920).' It affords a means of estimating the field for hand movements with more precision than is possible by a mere guess on the part of the examiner when moving his hand through uncharted air. If a finer test object than a hand be employed, the measurement can, of course, be made more accurate. But for the visually defective who are applying for blind persons' benefits, refined tests are rarely necessary, or if required-for instance, for scotomata-can be made with an ordinary screen campimeter or perimeter. The apparatus consists of three concentric circular rings of wire. The innermost when held in a vertical plane at a distance of approximately twenty inches from the patient's face delimits a field of 10°. The outermost ring corresponds to a field of 20°. The -intermediate circle indicates a field extending to 150 in all directions from the line of fixation. The radiating wires not only act as bracing staves but indicate the vertical and horizontal division of the field into half fields, quadrants and octants. The innermost ring is painted white 'to facilitate its recognition by 'a partially blind person. The other two rings are painted black and connected by a wooden handle which supports the whole frame. A single cord twenty inches (half a metre) long attached to the handle and held fully extended by the patient with the free end resting on his cheek may be used to give the correct distance which .should be maintained between the plane of his face and that of the frame throughout the test. But if the coid be suitably lengthened and made into a loop it can be passed behind the patient's neck and the proper distance is secured by the examiner drawing the frame towards himself sufficiently to keep the doubled cord taut while the patient remains impassive. A bead on each limb of the loop indicates the twenty inch measure and when the cord is in